"Explosion technology"— scientific and technical journal

About the free work of the process breaking

Keywords:charge design, explosive, distribution of granulometric composition, methods of representation of granulometric composition, voltage wave, well charge, air span

The possibility of choosing a rational method of managing the quality of the blasted mountain mass, which meets the requirements for the quality of the granulometric composition by the loading and transport technological necessary to minimize the expenditure of the enterprise's budget. The choice is based on the patterns of analysis of the quality of the blasted mountain mass, presented in analytical form and the results of the study of the process of fragmentation of rocks in the influence of different dynamic loads, determined well-on-well charges and explosive conditions.

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3. Zharikov I.F. Effect of Charge Design on granulometric composition of the exploded mountain mass / Engineering Physics, 2019, No 8, p. 41-49.
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About the preparation sveby smyrofor mass for schema cycle-potry technology

Keywords:cyclical technology, conveyor transport, explosion, equipment performance, granulometric composition, piecework, economic and mathematical model

The results of determining the conditions of effective use of cyclical and flowing technology in crushing hard-to-explode surface rocks of a large-block structure are considered. Studies have been carried out to determine the optimal granulometric composition of the exploded mountain mass and the largeness of pieces of rock for transporting conveyor belts under various mining conditions and schemes cyclical-flowing technology. The criterion for assessing the granulometric composition of the exploded mountain mass is the rate of loosening it in the excavator bucket, which is a function of the percentage of different fractions and the most fully reflective piece of the blown up breed.

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2. Trubetskaya K.N., Jarikov I.F., Shenderov A.I. Improving cyclical and flow technology in the complex development of deposits / Marksheideria and subsoil use, 2014, No. 3, p. 22-31
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Analysis of granulometric composition of explosed overburden at the «Zarya» open pit, Aikhal MPP

Keywords:overburden, rock breakup, photoplanimetric method, particle size distribution, granulometric composition, average size of a piece

The particle size distribution of blasted overburden rock formations under the conditions of the Zarya diamond pipe quarry of the Aikhal MPP was studied using the photoplanimetric method. The percentage composition of pieces of rock in a given interval by size classes was established. The average sizes of pieces of blasted rock are determined from individual processed fragments of digital photographs.

1. Shubin G.V., Zarovnjaev B.N., Sorokin V.S., Hon V.I. Issledovanie kuskovatosti vzorvannoj rudy na kar'erah Udachninskogo GOKa. // Gornyj informacionno-analiticheskij bjulleten'. – 2010. – №8. – 234-238 pp.
2. Shubin G.V., Zarovnjaev B.N., Sorokin V.S., Hon V.I. Sovershenstvovanie tehnologii vedenija burovzryvnyh rabot na almaznyh kar'erah Jakutii. Jakutsk: Izdatel'skij dom SVFU, 2012. – 140 p.
3. Shubin G.V., Zarovnjaev B.N.,Al'kov S.P., Dugarcyrenov A.V. Podgotovka gornyh porod k vyemke vzryvom. Jakutsk: Izdatel'skij dom SVFU, 2018. – 230 p.
4. Rakishev B.R., Shampikova A.H., Kazangapov A.E. Razmeshhenie zon melkogo, srednego i krupnogo droblenija v razvale porod. Vzryvnoe delo №114/71. – M.: IPKON RAN, 2015. 45-53 pp.
5. Rakishev B.R., Rakisheva Z.B., Aujezova A.M., Kalieva A.P. Komp'juternaja programma opredelenija granulometricheskogo sostava vzorvannyh porod na kar'erah. Vzryvnoe delo №114/71. – M.: IPKON RAN, 2015. 83-96 pp.
6. Maerz N. H., Palangio T. C., WipFrag image based granulometry system. Proceedings of the FRAGBLAST5 Workshop on Measurement of Blast Fragmentation, Canada, 1996.
7. Paramonov V.A., Ishejskij I.A., Kovalevskij V.N. K voprosu ocenki granulometricheskogo sostava iz razlichnyh zon razrushenija pri vzryve zarjada VV. Vzryvnoe delo. Vypusk №113/70. – M.: IPKON RAN, 2015.108-117 pp.
8. Galushko F.I., Komjagin A.O., Musatov I.N. Upravlenie kachestvom vzryvnoj podgotovki gornoj massy na osnove optimizacii parametrov BVR.Vzryvnoe delo. Vypusk №118/75. – M.: IPKON RAN, 2017. 140-152 pp.
9. Metodika fotoplanimetricheskih zamerov frakcionnogo sostava gornyh porod. JaKUTNIPROALMAZ, Mirnyj, 2004.

Relationship of sensitivity parameters with the rate of thermal decomposition of explosives in hot spots of explosive charge at the impact

Keywords:explosive, impact, fracture, chemical reaction, the rate constant of the reaction, the explosion

Mathematical model of mechanical destruction of a solid explosive charge at the impact on a drop-weight machine is presented. The model is used to establish an analytical relationship between the sensitivity parameters of explosive and the rate constant of thermal decomposition of explosive in hot spots of explosive charge at impact. The model is used also to explain the physical meaning of the critical thickness (mass) of the explosive charge. The table shows the results of calculations of thermal decomposition constants and energy parameters of impact initiation for some standard explosives and oxidants.

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To the question of calculation of specific heat of explosion of emulsion explosives and granemites

Keywords:specific heat of explosion, chemical composition of emulsifier and hydrocarbon fuel, granemites

In this work, the gross formulas and heats of formation of hydrocarbon fuels and emulsifiers used in the manufacture of emulsion explosives (EE) are specified.Based on the results obtained, a method for calculating the specific heat of explosion of explosive substances is proposed, taking into account both the chemical composition of the oxidative phase of explosive substances and the chemical composition of the fuel phase, which in the calculations is a mixture of hydrocarbon fuel and emulsifier.
For purely pure emulsion explosives, it is not possible to create balanced in terms of «fuel-oxidizer» compositions with a rather fine dispersed oxidizing phase due to significant mechanical and physico-chemical difficulties of the emulsification process. Therefore, as a rule, bulk emulsion explosives with a very unbalanced composition and, accordingly, low values of the specific heat of the explosion are made.
It is shown that the specific heat of explosion of balanced granemites can reach values characteristic of trotyl-containing explosives. However, this is possible only when coordinating the processes of explosive decomposition of explosive substances and ammonium nitrate (AN-F), which are part of granemite.The work is of practical interest for developers and manufacturers of emulsion explosives, as well as manufacturers of blasting in mining enterprises.

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Questions of experimental substantiation of safe use of ammonium-nitrate explosives in sulfide-containing rocks

Keywords:ammonium nitrate explosives, sulfide-containing rocks, chemical compatibility, iron (II) and (III) sulfates

The paper proposes a chemical model of interaction of ammonium nitrate explosives (ANE) with pyrite rocks, which allows describing the development of the low-temperature phase of this process and its transition to the high-temperature phase. The analysis of the presented model of interaction of pyrite and ammonium nitrate shows that its intensity significantly depends on the presence of sulfuric water and iron (II), (III) sulfates in the system.
Consideration of many practically important issues of improving the safety and reliability of blasting operations when using ANE for the destruction of sulfide ores requires a more detailed consideration of the participation of iron sulfates in the interaction of ANE and pyrite ores. With a small amount of moisture, the heat release during the reaction of ammonium nitrate, pyrite, and iron (III) sulfate is completely insufficient for the progressive heating of the interacting masses. In the presence of moisture, the heat generated by the oxidation of pyrite in this reaction becomes comparable to the heat generated by the combustion of the same amount of brown coal. This is extremely dangerous, since under certain conditions it can lead to a critical heating of the interacting masses of pyrite and ammonium nitrate.
To test the position on the effect of the presence of iron (II) and iron (III) sulfates in the reaction mixture of pyrite and ammonium nitrate, laboratory experiments were conducted, which confirmed the results of theoretical studies.Thus, it is theoretically shown and experimentally confirmed that pyrite ore reacts more actively with ammonium nitrate in the presence of iron sulfates in mine waters. This circumstance necessitates that in determining the chemical compatibility of ANE and sulfide-containing rocks, in addition to determining the indicators specified in the "Manual for the prevention of spontaneous combustion and explosions of explosives based on ammonium nitrate in the production of explosive works in copper-crusted ores", the content of iron sulfates in mine waters should also be evaluated.

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Comparative assessment of pyrotechnic and electronic detonator caps based on probabilistic models of the initiation system of the downhole charge

Keywords:mass explosion, electronic means of initiation, seismic impact, seismogram, displacement velocity

The article presents a comparative assessment of pyrotechnic and electronic downholecadetonator caps in combination with various surface delay connectors on the basis of a probabilistic model of initiation of the downhole charge system. The maximum number of charges in the group within the interval of 20 ms and the coefficient of variation of the explosive mass in these groups were accepted as criteria for comparing the variants. The possibility of using the probabilistic method to predict the distribution of the total mass of explosive at the full time of the explosion was previously shown by comparing seismograms of displacement velocities in experimental explosions with the calculated histogram of the distribution of the total mass of explosives at the intervals of initiation. The use of downhole detonator caps with electronic delay in almost all combinations of surface delays provides a decrease in the maximum number of charges in the group and a more uniform distribution of groups over time.

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Development of technology for the use of emulsion explosives for blasting wells in the contour row at the off-site works of the open pit mining and processing complex AK Alrosa

Keywords:contour series, slope work, kinetics, stability

This paper presents the results of a study on the development of a formulation and technology for the manufacture of emulsion explosives, field tests for off-stream works in the creation of a shielding gap.Studies have confirmed the suitability of the compositions based on poremite 1A for blasting wells in the contour row at the lateral works of the Nyurbinsky mine.

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Development of technologies and technical means for drilling and blasting of rock ores in chamber systems with a bookmark

Keywords:chamber system, drilling and blasting operations, technology and technical means, geomechanics, seismics, safety

The main scientific and practical results of the development of technologies and technical tools for drilling and blasting of rock ores in chamber systems with a bookmark are given, taking into account the required granularity of the recaptured ore (output of oversized  5% and sortable classes of 60% or more), the design of the chamber walls in the design contours and reducing the impact of the seismic action of the explosion on underground and surface protected objects. Methods of complex generalization, analysis and evaluation of practical experience and scientific achievements in the field of drilling and explosive destruction of solid media, mechanics and seismics of solid media, mathematical statistics, as well as research methods of wave processes using standard and new methods of leading specialists of developed mining countries of the world with the participation of the authors are described. It is shown that the parameters of drilling and blasting operations at the ka-dimensional systems with the bookmark depend on the geological and mining conditions, ore deposits and is characterized by the consumption of EXPLOSIVES for blasting the ore between 1.4–1.8 kg/m3, the output of gauge about 10 І5% (with certified piece repulsed ore mass 400 mm), a specific consumption of EXPLOSIVES in secondary crushing of 0.10-0.50 kg/m3. .The technique of determining the parameters of the grid of drill holes for blasting rock ore chamber system with a bookmark depending on the time, power and energy characteristics of the process of destruction of rock massif and use of EXPLOSIVES, as well as factors taking into account the fracturing of the massif (varies from 0.95 to 1.1) ; the fortress of rocks on a scale of Professor M. M. Protodiakonov (varies from 12 to 18); the rapprochement of charges(varies from 1.0 to 1.3) and loading density in g/cm3 (varies from 0.8 for BB type grammonite 79/21; granulite as–4; as–4V; As–8; As-8V to 1.6 – for Ammonite rock No. 1, etc.). It is recommended that to reduce the intensity of rock mass vibrations after an explosion in an exploitable block to the level of acceptable parameters, protected underground and surface objects, it is necessary to apply the screening of seismic waves by slit formation, which reduces the seismic effect by 3-5 times (depending on the formed gap) to protected objects located normally to fan well charges.

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Improving the seismic safety of drilling and blasting preparation of ore mass for underground block leaching

Keywords:ore deposits, complex structure, metal leaching, seismic safety, subsoil protection, efficiency

The main scientific and practical results of increasing the seismic safety of drilling and blasting the ore mass for PBW are given, taking into account the size of the average linear piece of the exploded ore mass in the clamped medium and the justification of its seismically safe parameters. It was found that the masses of charges should be evenly distributed over the deceleration steps, except for the first and last, and be 25-30% less than in the rest. The number of deceleration steps must be at least 3-4. The optimal level of the seismic wave process is achieved by short-blasting 10–12 stages of explosive charges. According to the results of instrumental measurements, the period of seismic fluctuations in the studied deposits is in the range of 25–100 ms. An assessment of the seismic effect of the explosion in the preparation of blocks for the PBB at the Michurinsky deposit to the surface and surface objects is given. Recommended diagrams for determining the permissible charge mass for one deceleration interval during blasting operations, as well as formulas for calculating the seismic safety mass of explosive charges in various deposits of the Michurinsky deposit and permissible distances at an array displacement rate of up to 0.8 cm / s. The efficiency of the WSP process, which achieved by intensification of explosive crushing by increasing the specific flow rate for breaking up to 2.9–3.3 kg / m3 for the Ingul mine of GP VostGOK, as well as the accumulation of rock mass in limited space with a low loosening coefficient (Кр = 1.2–1.25), especially in the lower part of the chamber.

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Formation of micropores in the polymer base by detonation throwing of powder materials

Keywords:micropores, polymer base, detonation throwing, membranes, powdery materials, penetration depth, ammonite, pore density

Studies have been performed to study the possibility of forming micropores in a polymer base using the effect of ultra-deep penetration by detonation throwing of powdery materials. The influence of the size of the thrown particles on the size of the pores formed in the polymer blank was established. It was found that the pore density obtained in the base material by detonation throwing of powdered material has values ranging from 8.8×106 to 12.5×106 pieces/cm2. The established depth of the pore detected on the cross-section was about 70 microns with a cross-section size of 2.8 microns.

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Study of combustible briquettes based on ammonium nitrate that form insecticidal smoke

Keywords:briquette, insecticide, smoke, physical stability, ammonium nitrate, compressibility, characteristics of combustion of pyrotechnic composition

In this work, research has been carried out to develop and study the characteristics of physical stability and functioning of combustible briquettes intended for the creation and distribution of insecticidal smoke in order to protect animals and plants from insect pests. As an oxidizer, a supersaturated solution of ammonium nitrate and combustible components – peat, rice and buckwheat husks-were used. The study developed an optimal formulation of thermal compounds and the characteristics of their compressibility, combustion, and preserve the integrity of the pressed samples.

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Computer simulation of the process of accumulating ballistite fuel charges

Keywords:computer simulation, cumulation, cumulative charge, model, ballistite fuel, charge, method, ANSYS AUTODYN

This article describes the development and development of a method for solving the problem of modeling the breakdown action of cumulative charges of ballistite fuel using computer models in the ANSYS AUTODYN application software. The forecast of the values of the penetration depth in the steel barrier is clearly demonstrated. A comparative analysis of the obtained dependence, the results of computer modeling and experiments is carried out. It is shown that the results of computer modeling are fully consistent with the results of experiments.

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