"Explosion technology"— scientific and technical journal

Visualization of optimized blast design data using voronoi diagrams in the development of software

Keywords:blast design, blasting, optimization, algorithm, Voronoi diagram

When developing specialized software products and mining and geological information systems (MGIS), to increase their competitiveness, it is inevitable to use advanced algorithms for optimizing design processes and, in particular, the process of designing drilling and blasting operations.
Drilling and blasting operations are critical operations in the mining industry, where the efficiency of these processes directly affects the timing, cost and safety. Traditional methods of their optimization are often based on heuristic approaches or simple geometric patterns, which cannot always give the required results, and the main areas of optimization are often the rational placement of blast holes, explosive charges in the hole itself and the detonation sequence with different sets of input data. As a rule, the input data should be identified with the volume falling on the area of influence of the hole to form a comparative visual picture of the optimized indicators or their homogeneity.
The article discusses the main aspects of the optimization algorithm in the design of drilling and blasting operations using a mathematical concept from computational geometry called Voronoi diagrams.

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Comprehensive methodology for adjusting the parameters of drilling and blasting operations to new conditions of open-pit mining of compoundly structured solid mineral deposits

Keywords:adaptation of drilling and blasting operations, rock destruction, zoning according to the strength properties of rocks, energy and detonation characteristics of explosives, parameters of intermediate detonators, fracturing, seismic impact

The article is devoted to the issue of step-by-step adaptation of drilling and blasting parameters to changing conditions during open-pit mining of complex-structured deposits of solid minerals. Adaptation is based on improved methods for determining indicators of variability in physical, mechanical, and structural properties of rocks, obtained from drilling data, regression relationships between properties of emulsion explosive charges and their detonation characteristics, measures to stabilize those characteristics, parameters of intermediate detonators, and schemes for their placement in charges, in accordance with updated information about the structural state of rock masses, as well as forecast values of seismic and explosive effects.

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Optimization of ore breaking parameters to reduce losses at contact with underlying rocks during underground mining of gentle bedding deposits

Keywords:gentle dipping deposit, mining system, open stoping, flat bottom, ore blasting, losses, damage, ore fines

When extracting gentle bedding deposits of limited thickness, in order to reduce damage from operational losses caused by incomplete breaking of ore at the contact with underlying rocks and sedimentation of metal-enriched fine fractions in the unevenness of the soil of the stope, a method for improving the process of stope extraction based on optimization of drilling and blasting parameters is proposed. The modernization consists in forming a flat surface of the stope using inclined fans of blastholes with their over drilling below the contact of the ore body and the rocks of the footwall with subsequent cleaning of the flat bottom by remote-controlled loading and haulage machines directly in the process of broken ore drawing. Depending on the diameter of the blastholes and the strength category of the underlying rocks of the footwall, rational over drilling parameters are recommended. The specific indicator, the effect per 1 m2 of the surface area of the open stope bottom, is adopted as an economic criterion for assessing the technology. The effect of reducing the loss of unbroken ore was assessed taking into account the influence of the maximum height of the incomplete breaking zone and the reduction of possible damage by 90% due to the optimization of the breaking parameters. The effect of reducing the loss of broken ore with an increased metal content was determined taking into account the height of the potentially lost layer, the degree of enrichment relative to the balance reserves and an increase in the quality of soil cleaning by 70%. The results obtained show that improving the process of cleaning excavation allows for a significant complex effect in very complex geological and mining conditions.

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Experimental studies of the granulometric composition of rocks on the example of the korobkovsky deposit

Keywords:floor-chamber development system, secondary crushing, granulation, blasting, average piece size, drilling and blasting, quartzites, deposit, mine

The purpose of this article is to experimentally determine the reliability of theoretical calculations of the average size of a piece of blasted rock mass, based on the degree of curvature of wells with depth and in order to increase the efficiency of drilling and blasting operations during downhole drilling to ensure high-quality crushing of minerals. The object of the study is an array of rocks after a massive explosion. Practical studies have been carried out to determine the average size of a piece of blasted rock mass along the length of the well. The subject of the study is the granulometric composition of the rock, when loaded into trolleys in the Gubkin mine, JSC "KMAruda Combine".

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Justification of air deck effect between charge and stemming

Keywords:detonation velocity, shock wave, EVV, uncharged part of the well, downhole, air gap, granulometric composition, torn rock mass, stereo camera

In this article the results of velocity of detonation in borehole charges are presented. It is pointed out on a part of detonic graphs in the uncharged area of the loaded borehole. This evidence is frequently repeated and the velocity is similar to detonation process. The fragmentation analysis of comparing boreholes with airdeck between charge and stemming and boreholes with continue explosive column are also presented in this article.

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On modeling the properties of multicomponent granulated explosives for the conditions of the Kuzbass region

Keywords:ammonium nitrate, petroleum products, diesel fuel, solid fuel, coke fines, coal powder, detonation capability

The article addresses key issues related to modeling the characteristics of multicomponent granulates designed for use under low-temperature conditions and other challenging operational circumstances. The study is based on a methodological approach that identifies primary and secondary features characterizing multicomponent explosives (MCEs) as complex objects with unique properties and parameters. An algorithm is detailed, structurally dividing variable indicators and parameters into production and application stages. The influence of physical-mechanical, structural, and other characteristics of granulate components on their explosive properties, as well as on the technological and technical aspects of production, is analyzed. The limitations associated with the use of raw materials in low-temperature conditions are also examined.Data on the composition of recycled materials arising during mining operations and the processing of mineral raw materials are presented, with a focus on the cost-effectiveness of granulates. A desulfurization method is proposed for neutralizing sulfur dioxide produced during explosive processes. Furthermore, the influence of natural and climatic conditions, the geographical features of deposit locations, and mining-technical conditions affecting blasting operations in complex environments are considered.

1. Frantov A.E., Lapikov I.N. Evaluation of technological parameters of cheap explosives’ components in terms of using in northern and arctic regions of Russia / AIP Conference Proceedings. 2022; 2656(1):020009. https:/doi.org/10.1063/5.0106797.
2. Viktorov S.D., Frantov A.E., Lapikov I.N. Modeling properties of multicomponent simple explosives. Blasting Technology. 2023;(140-97):19–35. https:/doi.org/10.18698/0372-7009-2023-9-2.
3. Viktorov S.D., Frantov A.E., Lapikov I.N. Results of comparative testing of granulates with different formulations / Mining Journal. 2022;(7):67–71. https:/doi.org/10.17580/gzh.2022.07.112.
4. Viktorov S.D., Frantov A.E., Lapikov I.N. Development potential of simple explosives in Russia / Occupational Safety in Industry. 2021;(8):7–14. https:/doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2021-8-7-14.
5. Viktorov S.D., Zakharov V.N., Frantov A.E., Postavnin B.N., Zharikov I.F., Mingazov R.Y., et al. Composition of simple explosive and method of implementation. Patent RU 2663037 C2. Filed 23.12.2016; published 01.08.2018, Bulletin No. 22.
6. Frantov A.E., Viktorov S.D., Lapikov I.N., Vyatkin N.L., Bolotova Y.N. Development of methodological approaches in modeling properties of multicomponent granulates used under low-temperature conditions and other complicating factors. Mining Industry. 2024;(5S):79–90. https:/doi.org/10.30686/1609-9192-2024-5S-79-905.

The advantages of biodiesel usage as a fuel component in simple explosives

Keywords:biodiesel, transesterification, rapeseed, ammonium nitrate, ANFO, explosives, granulit, differential thermal analysis, adsorption

The article discusses new modular systems of mixtures of ammonium nitrate and biodiesel. The process of synthesis of biodiesel fuel by transesterification reaction with ethyl alcohol in the presence of the basic catalyst is described. The purity of synthesized from rapeseed oil biodiesel fuel, which is a mixture of fatty acid esters, was evaluated via chromato-mass spectroscopy. Based on the conducted study of contact angles, the article evaluates the adsorption affinity of various types of fuels to polar and non-polar surfaces, from which a conclusion is formulated about the adsorption affinity of various types of fuels in relation to ammonium nitrate. The method of differential thermal analysis was utilized to assess the thermal stability of both samples of the fuel itself and their mixtures with ammonium nitrate, on the basis of which a conclusion was made about the fire and explosion hazard of the obtained compositions.

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A Promising energy-saturated material for the gas dynamic effect on the oil reservoir

Keywords:energy-saturated material, gas pulse effect, oil board, increased oil recovery, gorenje gorenje inhibitor, burning rate, bench installation, rubber

Research has been carried out on the development of a promising energy-saturated material for use in a device for gas dynamic effects on an oil reservoir. Gorenje regularities of various energy-saturated compositions in conditions simulating borehole have been studied. The experimental results were recorded in the form of curves of the dependence of the pressure level created in the internal volume of the bench installation by gaseous products of explosive transformation of compounds on the duration of this process. The optimal component composition of a promising energy-saturated material for gas-pulse action on an oil reservoir containing ammonium nitrate as an oxidizer, butadiene-nitrile rubber as a fuel and ammonium chloride as a gorenje inhibitor has been established.

1. Agliullin M. M., Abdullin V. M., Abdullin M. M. et al. Razrabotka i vnedreniye termobarokhimicheskogo metoda uvelicheniya produktivnosti neftegazovykh skvazhin (Development and implementation of thermobarochemical method of increasing the productivity of oil and gas wells). Vestnik Tyumenskogo neftegazovogo universiteta = Bulletin of Tyumen oil and gas University. 2004. No. 3. pp. 186-189.
2. Sadykov I.F., Marsov A. A., Mokeev A. A. Pat. 2334873 Russian Federation, IPC E21B 43/18, IPC E21B 43/24. Device for gas pulse treatment of the bottomhole zone of the well.
3. Salnikov A.S., Gilmanov R.Z., Petrov A.S. et al. Issledovanie vliyanie katalizatorov na xarakteristiki goreniya energonasishennogo materiala na osnove nitrata ammoniya (Investigation of the effect of catalysts on the combustion characteristics of an energy-saturated ammonium nitrate-based material). Vestnik Kazanskogo tekhnologicheskogo universiteta = Bulletin of Kazan technological University. 2016. Vol. 19. No. 3. pp. 55-59.
4. Garifullin R.Sh., Salnikov A.S., Mokeev A.A. et al. Eksperimentalnie issledovaniya opitnix obrazov termogazogeneratora dlya obrabotki skvajin po opredeleniyu temperaturi goreniya, udelnogo gazoobrazovaniya i soderjaniya tverdix shlakov sostavi na osnove poroshkoobraznix elastomerov (Experimental studies of experimental images of a thermogasogenerator for processing wells to determine the combustion temperature, specific gas formation and solid slag content compositions based on powdered elastomers). Vestnik Kazanskogo tekhnologicheskogo universiteta = Bulletin of Kazan technological University. 2014. Vol. 17. No. 18. pp. 186-189.
5. Mokeev A.A., Salnikov A.S., Badretdinova L.H. et al. Laboratorniy stend dlya izucheniya xarakteristik goreniya kombinirovannix zaryadov energonasishennix materialov (Laboratory bench for studying the combustion characteristics of combined charges of energy-saturated materials). Vestnik Kazanskogo tekhnologicheskogo universiteta = Bulletin of Kazan technological University. 2014. Vol. 17. No. 15. pp. 95-97.
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Testing a universal computing express method for developing a neural network model in determining optimal operating parameters of a special product

Keywords:cumulation, special product, express method, neural network modeling, neural network model, knowledge base, testing

This article presents the results of testing a universal computational express method using modern information technologies, namely neural network modeling to determine the optimal operational parameters of a special product. To do this, based on the express method, a neural network model of the accumulation process of a special product has been created in the NeuroShell software development environment. The developed neural network model is capable of determining the optimal operational parameters of a special product with a relative error of 8.8%. A universal computational express method for developing a neural network model has been tested to determine the optimal operational parameters of a special product with a relative prediction error not exceeding 9%.

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6. Mukhutdinov A.R., Efimov M.G. Universalnie vichislitelnie ekspress-metodi dlya sozdaniya iskusstvennoy neyronnoy seti slojnogo ob'ekta i innovasionnogo programmnogo modulya na ee osnove: monografiya. (Universal computational express methods for creating an artificial neural network of a complex object and an innovative software module based on it: monograph). Kazan: KNITU Publishing House, 2022. – 156 p.
7. Mukhutdinov A.R., Efimov M.G. Aprobasiya universalnogo vichislitelnogo ekspress-metoda razrabotki neyrosetevoy modeli prosessa obrabotki medi na vertikalnom frezernom stanke. (Approbation of a universal computational express method for developing a neural network model of the copper processing process on a vertical milling machine) / Avtomatizasiya i informatizasiya TEK = Automation and informatization of the Fuel and Energy Complex. 2024. No. 10 (615). pp. 9-15.

Features of determining safe distances for the scattering of rock fragments during blasting operations

Keywords:explosion, safe distance, charge, rock, discharge, environment

The features of determining the safe distances for the spread of individual pieces of rock are considered when using the current industrial safety standards for their calculation from the point of view of the possibility of regulating the technological parameters of charges and taking more fully into account the properties of the explosive medium that affect the process of controlling the action of an explosion in various conditions of blasting. The calculated provisions given in the article make it possible to expand the possibilities of using the current Safety Rules when justifying safe distances for the separation of pieces of rock for various types of explosive charges used on the Earth's surface and in underwater conditions.

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A block diagram of monitoring and forecasting the spread of aerosols after explosions at coal mining enterprises

Keywords:opencast colliery, dust, atmospheric pollution, explosion, mass transfer, sedimentation, particle shape, dust and gas cloud, control

The article describes a structural scheme for monitoring a dust and gas cloud and identifies functional tasks that require solutions to man-made atmospheric dust pollution, which provides drilling and blasting operations during the development of open-pit coal deposits. The control of man-made atmospheric pollution from mining operations can be carried out by monitoring and predicting the spread of aerosols after explosions at coal mining enterprises. The results of calculating the number of posts required for the dust and gas cloud monitoring system are presented.

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15. Abouchami, W., Näthe, K., Kumar, A., Galer, S. J. G., Jochum, K. P., Williams, E., et al. (2013). Geochemical and Isotopic Characterization of the Bodélé Depression Dust Source and Implications for Transatlantic Dust Transport to the Amazon Basin. Earth Planetary Sci. Lett., 380: 112–123.

Investigation of the near-surface soil massif to detect potential failure zones

Keywords:georadar, mining, gold mine, soil sounding, sinkhole, radarogram, decompressed soils, displacements, tectonic disturbances, electromagnetic wave

A study of the near-surface soil massif was carried out to identify areas of potential soil failures using the LOZA-1V ground penetrating radar system. The main objective of the survey was to analyze radargrams to identify potentially dangerous areas on profiles drawn along proposed geodetic reference stations in areas subject to deformation of the earth's surface and failures within the city limits. This equipment allows detecting areas of loose soil at depths of 6-8 meters, including those that currently do not lead to subsidence on the daytime surface. If such areas are detected, the LOZA-1V ground penetrating radar can be used for subsequent monitoring of changes in the near-surface layer.

1. Borella J, Quigley C., Riley M., Trutner S., Jol H., Borella M., Hampton S., Gravley D. Influence of anthropogenic landscape modifications and infrastructure on the geological characteristics of liquefaction. Anthropocene, 2020, V.29, 16 p.
2. Lejzerowicz A., Kowalczyk S., Wysocka A. Application of ground penetrating radar method combined with sedimentological analyses in studies of glaciogenic sediments in central Poland. Studia Quaternaria, 2018, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 103–119.
3. Rodionov A. I., Ryazancev P. A. Estimation of parameters of GPR signal in conditions of physical modeling of sand and gravel mixture. Geofizika, 2017. no. 6, pp.57–64. (In Russ).
4. Fomenko N. E., Kapustin V. V., Gaponov D. A., Fomenko L. N. Investigation of technogenically fixed soils of the foundations by radar and seismic methods in the conditions of a long-term exploited cultural heritage site. Izvestiya Tomskogo politekhnicheskogo universiteta. Inzhiniring georesursov, 2018, V. 329 (8), pp. 16–29. (In Russ).
5. Kulik K. N., Semenenko S. YA., Marchenko S. S., Ar’kov D. P., Koshelev A. V., Morozova N. V. Possibilities of GPR inspection of the state of an unauthorized household waste landfill. Ekologiya i stroitel’stvo, 2019 no. 4. pp. 4–13 (In Russ).
6. Kulyandin G. A. Vyyavlenie tekhnogennogo zagryazneniya gruntovoj sredy metodom georadiolokacii (na primere uchastka stroitel’noj ploshchadki) [Identification of technogenic pollution of the soil environment by GPR (on the example of a construction site)] «Geologiya i mineral’no-syr’evye resursy Severo-Vostoka Rossii»: materialy VIII Vserossijskoj nauchnoprakticheskoj konferencii, g. YAkutsk, 18–20 apr. 2018 g.Yakutsk, 2018. 2. pp. 224–227. (In Russ).
7. Stadler S., Igel J. A numerical study on using guided GPR waves along metallic cylinders in boreholes for permittivity sounding / 2018 17th International Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR), 2018, pp.543-–548.
8. Klewe T., Strangfeld C., Kruschwitz S. Review of moisture measurements in civil engineering with ground penetrating radar. Applied methods and signal features / Construction and Building Materials. Volume 278.2021. 9 p.
9. Fedorova L. L., Kulyandin G. A., Poiseeva S. I. Structural investigation of waste piles by radiolocation. MIAB. Mining Inf. Anal. Bull. 2021;(12-1):243-254. (In Russ). DOI: 10.25 018/0236_1493_2021_121_0_243.
10. Averin A.P., Frantov A.E., Belousov F.S. Research of Some Properties of Solid Combustible Components for Cheap Explosives. Inzhenernaya fizika = Engineering Physics. 2019. № 12. pp. 52–55. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.25791/infizik.12.2019.1102
11. Belousov F.S. Studying the State of Rocks of Transitional Zones under the Conditions of Their Natural Occurrence by Methods of Mining Seismic in the Combined Development of Kimberlite Tubes. Inzhenernaya fizika = Engineering Physics. 2021. № 1. pp. 49–56. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.25791/infizik.1.2021.1187
12. Belousov F.S. Investigation of the heterogeneity of the elastic properties of a rock mass in underground conditions by depth by ultrasonic logging. Occupational safety in industry. 2023. №. 11. pp. 17-21. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.24000/0409-2961-2023-11-17-21

Participation of the scientific council of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the problems of "National economic use of explosions" in solving complex scientific and technical programs for the development of the drilling and blasting complex of the country

Keywords:scientific council, report, explosives, blasting, borehole charge, rocks

On March 26, 2024, on the eve of the 60th anniversary of the large coal mining company Kuzbassrazrezugol Coal Company, for the first time in Kuzbass at the Kedrovsky coal mine (a branch of Kuzbassrazrezugol Management Company JSC", located in the Kemerovo city district), the second meeting of the Scientific Council of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the problems of "National economic use of explosions" was held in 2024. The decision to hold a meeting of the Council in the heart of the Russian coal industry was absolutely correct – about 40% of the all-Russian coal is mined here, and it is here that all innovative blasting methods are tested in conditions of real coal mining. And on September 10, 2024, for the first time in Kaspiysk, the next, third meeting of the Council was held. The venue is the Derbent conference hall of the Azimut Hotel. The decision to hold a meeting of the RAS Council on the shores of the Caspian Sea is caused by the prospect of the region's development – the main North–South transport routes will pass here. A distinctive feature of the meetings of the Scientific Council of the Russian Academy of Sciences in different regions of the Great Country was the discussion of the development of mining technologies in the context of the sanctions burden and the terrorist threat to dangerous production facilities. One of the important topics of the Council's meetings was the consideration of problems in mining and explosives related to the development of central, southern and northern territories, including the territories of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation, the construction of facilities for the development of the Northern Sea Route and the problems of ensuring technological sovereignty in the production of initiation tools for the mining industry.

Explosion is an art!

Keywords:conference, participants, drilling and blasting operations, development, experience

On December 12-13, 2024, the Poles conference "People. Gold. Technologies", which was dedicated to drilling and blasting operations. For two days, 150 participants from Polyus business units, 20 leading mining companies and software and hardware suppliers exchanged experiences, discussed new technologies and best practices. 52 reports were heard, which covered the steps of the process: preparation of a mass explosion project, drilling and blasting operations, performance analysis and implementation of improvements.