"Explosion technology"— scientific and technical journal

State and prospects of the development of industrial explosives

Keywords:industrial explosives, emulsion explosives, product range of explosives, producing plants, production volume, market

This article gives the data on the dynamics of industrial explosive use in Russia and abroad over the past decade; and also it presents the product range of consumable explosives and their production volume provided by the main manufacturers at the areas of consumption and by the specialized producing plants.

Promising directions for improving drilling and blasting in the preparation of complex-structural permafrost rocks

Keywords:rock preparation, ice content, active layer, placer deposits, permafrost zone, georadar survey

When developing mineral deposits in the permafrost zone, drilling and blasting operations are the main method of preparing frozen rocks for excavation and loading operations. However, the frozen state, the complexity of the structure of the frozen rock mass, and the presence of an active layer complicate blasting operations and reduce the quality of preparation of the rock mass, leading to a massive release of oversized materials in the zone of the seasonally frozen layer. To reduce these negative factors, a preliminary study of the frozen rock mass is necessary, using one of the well-known methods, for example, a georadar survey, followed by importing radargrams into one of the software for drawing up a massive explosion project. Such programs can be Micromine, Datamine, Blast Maker. Of the above-mentioned software, the most informative is the Blast Maker software, which provides the study of the structure of the rock mass during the drilling process. However, it is impractical to install and dismantle expensive equipment from a drilling rig when conducting seasonal blasting operations, in small areas when developing placer deposits, quarries of construction materials, and small-scale open-pit mines.
For this purpose, it is advisable to use a mobile georadar designed for probing frozen rock masses to a depth of 30 m, which is sufficient for drilling and blasting operations. Using ground penetrating radar, it is possible to identify permafrost rocks, seasonally thawed and seasonally frozen layers, talik zones and cryopegs in a frozen rock mass, which is sufficient to draw up a massive explosion project. Then, after digitizing the resulting radargrams, they can be imported into one of the programs for drawing up a massive explosion project. Based on the obtained structure of the rock mass to be blasted, a charge design is made that provides for the placement of an air or rock gap in the talik zone, as well as in the zone of the seasonally thawed layer, to prevent breakthrough of explosion products into them. As a result, the efficiency of drilling and blasting operations increases and the yield of oversized materials in the seasonally frozen layer is reduced.

1. Zarovnyaev B.N., Dugartsyrenov A.V., Shubin G.V., Nikolaev S.P. Explosive destruction of complex-structured frozen massifs with layers of different strengths // Explosion technology. Issue No. 115/72. M. IPKON RAN. 2016. P. 71-76.
2. Zarovnyaev B.N., Dugartsyrenov A.V., Kim I.T., Rakhmanov R.A., Shubin G.V., Nikolaev S.P. The influence of the expansion of detonation products on the time of departure of the face during the explosion of borehole charges // Explosion technology. Issue No. 116/73. M. IPKON RAS. 2016. pp. 48-60.
3. Rakhmanov R.A., Nikolaev S.P. Destruction of rock in the near zone of a borehole charge and the formation of a thermal at the initial stage of the formation of a dust and gas cloud // Explosion technology. 2015. No. 114/71. pp. 146-159.
4. Dugartsyrenov A.V. The mechanism of destruction of a complex structured massif of rocks of different strengths // Explosion technology. 2015. No. 114/71. pp. 123-135.
5. Nikolaev S.P., Zarovnyaev B.N., Fedorova L.L., Kulyandin G.A. Assessment of the state of the massif by ground penetrating radar sensing to improve drilling and blasting operations in permafrost conditions // Mining Journal. 2018. No. 12. P. 9-13. DOI:10.17580/gzh.2018.12.02.
6. Fedorova L.L., Fedorov M.P., Kulyandin G.A., Savvin D.V. Ground-penetrating radar method to study thawing of frozen rock at the laboratory scale. MIAB. Mining Inf. Anal. Bull. 2021; (5):99-111. [In Russ]. DOI: 10.25018/0236_1493_2021_5_0_99.
7. Fedorova L.L., Kulyandin G.A., Savvin D.V. Geocryological analysis of rocks to predict adverse freeze-and-thaw effects // Journal of Mining Science. 2019. vol. 55. no. 6. Р. 1023– 1031.
8. Funk C.W., Van den Berghe M. Mapping complex geology with GPR in a Canadian Potash Mine // GPR 2018: 17th International Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar. Rapperswil, Switzerland. 2018. Р. 417–421.
9. Noskevich V.V., Kuzbozhev A.S. GPR investigations of soils in the permafrost zone of the gas pipeline Вovanenkovo–Ukhta // Geophysical research. 2017. Vol. 18. № 3. P. 17–26.
10. Sudakova M.S., Sadurtdinov M.R., Tsarev A.M. and others. Possibilities of ground penetrating radar for the study of wetland peatlands in the permafrost zone // Geology and Geophysics. 2019. T. 60, no. 7. pp. 1004–1013.
11. Wang Q., Qin Q., Gao S., Li S., Gao H. Relationship between rock drilling parameters and rockuniaxial compressive strength based on energy analysis // Journal of China Coal Society. 2018. №43 (5). Р.1 289–1 295.
12. Sentyurev S.A. Use of the BLAST MAKER software to optimize the consumption of explosives in the conditions of the Berezovsky open-pit mine / Sentyurev S. A.; scientific supervisor Chaplygin V.V. // Science and youth: problems, searches, solutions. Proceedings of the All-Russian Scientific Conference of Students, Postgraduate Students and Young Scientists. May 12–14, 2021. Novokuznetsk: Publishing Center of SibGIU. 2021. Issue. 25, part 5: Technical sciences. pp. 385–387.
13. Tatarchuk S.Yu. Experience of implementation and operation of Blast Maker hardware and software in quarries. Mining magazine. 2013. No. 11 (103). pp. 29–32.
14. Kovalenko V.A., Umrikhin E.A., Raiymkulov M.A. Digital technology for preparing the production of Blast Maker software and hardware in the conditions of the Mikhailovsky Mining and Processing Plant. Globe. 2020. 3(62). pp. 146 – 151.
15. Yakovlev D.S. Design of blasting work within the Blast Maker system. Explosion technology. 113-70. 2015. pp. 224 – 232.
16. Batrakov D.N., Basarnov A.I. Comprehensive measures for the safe conduct of blasting operations during open-pit mining. Bulletin of NC VostNII. No. 3. 2018. – P. 73 -80. DOI: 10.25558/VOSTNII.2018.7.82.009.
17. Kolotovkin A.S., Zelenin D.P., Levchenko Ya.V. Analysis of zones of disturbance of sedimentary rock masses during blasting operations // Mining Information and Analytical Bulletin. 2023. No. 12. pp. 41–54. DOI: 10.25018/0236_1493_2023_12_0_41.
18. Lysak Yu.A., Plotnikov A.Yu., Shevkun E.B., Leshchinsky A.V. Explosive loosening of rocks in the quarries of the Petropavlovsk group of companies // Mining Journal. 2022. No. 2. pp. 45-50. DOI: 10.17580/gzh.2022.02.07.

A method of increasing the stability of the sides of a quarry by forming a concave slope profile of a high ledge

Keywords:blasting operations, Kalmakyr deposit, contour zone of the quarry, shielding gap, increasing the stability of the array, blasting procedure, creation of cut-off slots, technological scheme for skewing the sides of the quarry, skewing parameters, attenuation surfaces, method of skewing ledges in the contour zone

A method has been developed to increase the stability of the sides of the quarry by forming a concave profile of the slope of a high ledge, ensuring the quality of the slope of the ledge, the complete safety of the sculptured massif and the safety of mining operations. Industrial tests have shown that using the developed method, a stable slope of a 30-meter ledge with a slope angle of 700 was obtained, preventing the need for additional side spacing, while increasing the safety of work on the underlying horizons. The developed effective parameters of contour detonation ensured the creation of the widest possible shielding gap with a given power limitation of the zone of violations of interblock connections in the sloping part of the array.

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2. Silkin A.A., Koltsov V.N. Geomechanical analysis and deformation control systems of the Muruntau quarry // Mining Bulletin of Uzbekistan. Navoi, 2002, No. 4, pp. 17-22.
3. Instructions for monitoring deformations of sides, slopes of ledges and dumps in quarries and developing measures to ensure their stability. Approved by the Board of Gosgortehnadzor of Uzbekistan No. 9 dated 05/08/98. Registered by the Ministry of Justice of Uzbekistan on 02/26/99, No. 649.
4. Zairov Sh.Sh ., Urinov Sh.R., Nomdorov R.U. Ensuring Wall Stability in the Course of Blasting at Open Pits of Kyzyl Kum Region // Mining Science and Technology (Russia). Moscow, 2020. Vol. 5. ‒ No. 3. ‒ P. 235-252. DOI: 10.17073/2500-0632-2020-3-235-252.
5. Zairov Sh.Sh., Urinov Sh.R., Ravshanova M.Kh., Nomdorov R.U. Physico-technical assessment of the stability of the sides of quarries, taking into account the technology of drilling and blasting operations. The monograph. Bukhoro: Bukhoro Publishing House, 2020. 175 p.
6. Zairov Sh.Sh., Urinov Sh.R., Tukhtashev A.B. Analysis of the technology of open-pit mining and quarry side construction // National Information Agency of Uzbekistan UZ. Department of Science (electronic journal). Tashkent, June, 2020, pp. 1-15.
7. Zairov Sh.Sh., Ravshanova M.Kh., Nomdorov R.U. Increasing the stability of the sides of the quarry by forming a concave profile of the slope of a high ledge // Explosion technology 2024. No. 142/99. pp. 52-74.

Finding ways to reduce damage from over-grinding of metal ores in caving mining systems

Keywords:underground geotechnology, caving mining system, losses, extractable value, damage, ore over-grinding, ore fines, segregation

The conducted research has shown that in mining systems with caving of ore and host rocks, overgrinding during breaking of the ore mass and subsequent segregation-concentration processes during release cause significant damage to the efficiency of the mining engineering system. An assessment of the economic damage from the loss of fine fractions enriched with metal alone allows us to speak about the advisability of developing and implementing technical solutions that would increase the completeness of the extraction of mineral reserves. The directions and types of methods for reducing damage from overgrinding of ore determined in this work are the basis for developing and improving the design of the mining system and geotechnological processes of stope extraction. Technical solutions for reducing the negative consequences of overgrinding should be implemented on the principles of synergy with the technology of extracting the main part of the reserves. Changes in the design of the system and the cycle of the stope mining should not lead to a significant increase in the volume of development and cutting workings, the duration of the development of the stope unit and the complication of the technological processes of stope mining, thereby ensuring the necessary efficiency, intensity and safety of underground geotechnology.
The research was carried out within the framework of State Assignment No. 075-00410-25-00. State registration No. 1022040200004-9-1.5.1. Topic 1 (2025-2027).

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Structural features of deformation of rocks during explosive destruction

Keywords:explosive, rock structure, structural defects, stress wave, plastic flow, explosive cavity, attenuation laws, dissipative processes, compression wave front

The regularities of attenuation of stress waves during an explosion in an elastoplastic destructible solid medium are considered. It is shown that the boundaries of changes in the laws of attenuation of maximum velocities and displacements are determined by the sizes of the plastic flow zones for elastoplastic media and crushing for brittle-destructible media. The mechanism of explosion energy transfer to the environment is considered and it is shown that the main dissipative processes take place at the initial stage of cavity development, when stress gradients far exceed the strength characteristics of the medium.

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Development of a comprehensive analysis of seismic blast impact on the quarry marginal massif: theoretical approaches, methodologies and challenges

Keywords:seismic explosive impact, blasting, open-pit mining, critical velocity of massif oscillation, estimation methods

The results of studies of seismic effects on protected objects located in the near, intermediate and far zones from blasting operations in the direction of the surface initiation network towards the protected object are presented. An attempt has been made to take into account the seasonality factor, i.e. positive and negative ground temperatures, through coefficients and regression indicators K and n, when predicting the level of seismic and explosive effects in some complex-structural deposits of the Urals, Siberia and Kazakhstan.
The research was carried out within the framework of event No. 1 of the Comprehensive Scientific and Technical Program for the Full Innovation Cycle, approved by the Order of the Government of the Russian Federation dated May 11, 2022 No. 1144-r.

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Analysis of methods for predicting the level of seismic impact of explosions on protected objects and measures to reduce seismicity

Keywords:seismic effect of explosion, blasting, critical and permissible rate of ground vibrations, voltage in the rock mass, reduced mass of the explosive charge, reduced distance, frequency and period of oscillations, explosion zones, industrial seismic zone

The article outlines the main parameters of seismic waves and signs of establishing the boundary between explosion zones. The analysis of Russian and foreign methods of forecasting the level of seismic impact of industrial explosions on protected objects located in different explosion zones is presented. An overview of measures to reduce the seismic impact of industrial explosions on protected natural areas, residential buildings and industrial structures has been carried out.
The research was carried out within the framework of State Assignment No. 075-00410-25-00, topic 1 (2025-2027): Methodology for substantiating the prospects for technological development of the integrated development of mineral resources of solid minerals of Russia (FUWE-2025-0001), reg. No. 1022040200004-9-1.5.1.

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11. Drukovany M.F. Methods of explosion control at quarries, Moscow, Nedra, 1973, 416 p.
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44. Grib G.V., Pazynich A.Yu., Grib N.N., Petrov E.E. Dependence of the seismic effect of an explosion in a rock mass on the technological conditions of drilling and blasting operations. Proceedings of the Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2012, Vol.14, No.1(8), P. 12-17.
45. Kutuzov B.N., Sovmen V.K., Equist B.V. Ensuring the seismic safety of explosions during non-electrical charge initiation. Mining Journal, 2004, No.2, P. 41-43.
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Improving the methodology of seismic safety production of bvr, taking into account the seasonality factor

Keywords:seismic effect of explosion, seismic monitoring, blasting, explosion zones, earthquake-safe drilling and blasting, proportionality coefficient, index of the degree of attenuation of seismic vibrations, critical and permissible ground vibration velocity, permissible distance, critical and permissible explosive charge mass

The results of studies of seismic effects on protected objects located in the near, intermediate and far zones from blasting operations in the direction of the surface initiation network towards the protected object are presented. An attempt has been made to take into account the seasonality factor, i.e. positive and negative ground temperatures, through coefficients and regression indicators K and n, when predicting the level of seismic and explosive effects in some complex-structural deposits of the Urals, Siberia and Kazakhstan.
The research was carried out within the framework of State Assignment No. 075-00410-25-00, topic 1 (2025-2027): Methodology for substantiating the prospects for technological development of the integrated development of mineral resources of solid minerals of Russia (FUWE-2025-0001), reg. No. 1022040200004-9-1.5.1.

1. Mosinets V. N. Crushing and seismic effect of explosion in rocks, Moscow, Nedra, 1976, 271 p.
2. Zeitlin Ya.I., Smoliy N.I. Seismic and shock air waves of industrial explosions. Moscow, Nedra, 1981, 192 p.
3. Kutuzov B.N. Safety of blasting operations in industry, Moscow, Nedra, 1992, 544 p.
4. Sadovsky M.A. Selected works: Geophysics and physics of explosion, Moscow, Nauka, 2004, 440 p.
5. Duvall W.I., Petkof B. Spherical Propagation of Explosion-Generated Strain Pulses in Rock; USBM: Washington, DC, USA, 1959. 21 pp.
6. Duvall W.I., Fogelson D.E. Review of criteria for estimating damage to residences from blasting vibrations. US Bur. Mines R15968, 1962, 19 pp.
7. Nicholls H.R., Johnson C.F., Duvall W.I. Blasting Vibrations and their effects on structures. US Bur. Mines, Bull. 656, 1971, 105 pp.
8. Siskind D.E., Stagg M.S., Kopp J.W., Dowding C.H. Structure response and damage produced by ground vibration from surface mine blasting. US Bur. Mines R.I. 8507,1980, 74 pp.
9. Rai R., Singh T.N. A new predictor for ground vibration prediction and its comparison with other predictors. Indian Journal of Engineering and Materials Sciences. 2004, Vol. 11, P. 178-184.
10. Khandelwal M., Singh T.N. Evaluation of blast-induced ground vibration predictors. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering. 2007, Vol. 27, P. 116-125. DOI: 10. 1016/j.soildyn.2006.06.004.
11. Gorgulu K., Ercan A., Demirci A., Kocaslan A., Dilmac¸ M.K., Yuksek A.G. Investigation of blast-induced ground vibrations in the Tulu boron open pit mine. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment. 2013, Vol. 72, P. 555-564. DOI: 10.1007/s10064-013-0521-4.
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Research of the scientific council of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the problems of "National economic use of explosions" in solving the problems of ensuring the full sovereignty of the country's drilling and explosive complex

Keywords:scientific council, report, explosives, blasting, borehole charge, rocks, scientific communities, current trends, technological sovereignty, digitalization, electronic detonators, research, initiation, shock wave tubes, stability of the sides

On February 6, 2025, in Moscow, within the framework of the International Scientific Symposium "Miner's Week-25", a meeting of the Scientific Council of the Russian Academy of Sciences "On problems of national economic use of explosions" was held at the National Research Technological University MISIS. The event traditionally brings together representatives of the scientific community, the Public Council at Rostechnadzor and leading companies to discuss scientific research and current trends, developments and prospects for the development of mining and blasting.
A distinctive feature of the RAS Council meeting was the discussion of scientific research and development work on the problems and prospects for the development of mining and explosive technologies in the context of sanctions and the terrorist threat to dangerous production facilities. One of the important topics of the Council's meeting was the consideration of promising technologies in mining and blasting related to the development of the central, southern and northern territories, including the territories of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation, the construction of facilities for the development of the Northern Sea Route and the problems of ensuring technological sovereignty in the production of means of initiation for the mining industry. Chairman of the Scientific Council Gevorg Kocharyan, Professor, Doctor of Physico-Mathematical Sciences, Deputy Director of the Institute of Geospheric Dynamics of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IDG RAS).

Modern technologies for the production of blasting and explosives at mining enterprises in the Urals

Keywords:conference, specialists, explosives, blasting, mining, rock mass

On October 15 and 16, 2024, the Ural Explosives Association, together with the Institute of Mining of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, specialized explosive enterprises AVT-Ural LLC and AVT-Uralservice LLC, held another scientific and practical conference on drilling and blasting at the Kachkanarsky GOK, which was attended by a total of 47 specialists from 25 specialized enterprises of the Ural region, Moscow and Nizhny Novgorod region.