"Explosion technology"— scientific and technical journal

Theoretical aspects and results of numerical investigations by the smoothed particle hydrodynamics method of the effect of charge density on rock fragmentation

Keywords:explosive, explosive density, charge diameter, explosion zones, physical experiments, computer simulation, smoothed particle method, crushing intensity and uniformity

The relevance of research is due to the need to expand the possibilities of controlling the action of an explosion in order to obtain a rational fragmentation of the rock mass, as well as the economic feasibility of reducing the loss of minerals and eliminating negative environmental factors of blasting. The paper presents some results of investigations of the effect of the charge density of industrial explosive ANFO on the yield of fine and coarse fractions using compositional models and the smoothed particle hydrodynamics method (SPH). The article deals with the application of the smoothed particle hydrodynamics method for three-dimensional modeling, the study of the laws of dynamic loading of the massive, the uniformity and intensity of failure in various zones of the explosion. The results of the research made it possible to establish the nature of the dependence of the change in the average size of the piece and the yield of fines on the density of the crushing and gentle action of the explosion. In addition, the dependences of the average size of a piece on the distance to the charge at its different density were established. The calculated data also make it possible to establish the influence of the density of the explosive on the nature of the stress localization. The simulation results show that the chosen approach proved to be useful for the analysis and better understanding of the mechanics of the explosive destruction of the rock mass.
The work was carried out within the framework of the budget theme of IPKON RAS.

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Investigation of the parameters of contour borehole explosive charges for the formation of a cut-off gap in rocks during the cutting of ledges in quarries

Keywords:cut-off slot, counter, charge, quarry side, explosive, well diameter

In open-pit mining, contour blasting by the method of borehole explosive charges is used to improve the stability of the slopes of the ledges and sides of the quarry when they enter the design contour. At the same time, the method of preliminary crevice formation (MPSH) is used as a contour blasting technology, which provides for the formation of a cut-off gap ahead of time in front of the protected rock mass contour from deformations before the explosion of the main downhole loosening charges. In the satya, the authors present a developed and scientifically based new engineering technique for determining the parameters of contour explosive charges in dry and watered wells for the formation of cut-off slots, as well as the geometric parameters of the location of borehole charges of explosives (explosives) detonated in the pre-circuit and main working block in rocky rocks when cutting ledges and setting the sides of quarries to the limit position.

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Estimation of rock pressure in the massif of ironic quartzites on the basis of explosion of shore charges of explosives

Keywords:the stress state of the massif, the impact of the explosion, the penetration of holes, physical and mechanical properties of rocks, rock mass, fracturing, explosive substances, hole, crushing zone, diameter of the “cup"

Methods for determining the stress-strain state of mountain massifs based on physical, mechanical, geometric and geological principles are analyzed. Many of the methods are very time-consuming. A method for determining the stress state (NS) based on the dynamic effect of an explosion is proposed. When an explosive charge explodes in a hole in a very short period of time, gaseous products create a certain pressure, which, combined with the rock pressure in the surrounding array, ensures the creation of a crushing zone in the array. Moreover, with an increase in mountain pressure, the diameter of the crushing zone increases. A theoretical calculation formula is given, where the NS is determined through the physical and technical properties of the array, the detonation characteristics of explosives and the diameter of the crushing zone - the diameter of the “cup". In the workings of the Gubkin mine, mountain – 250 m, industrial experiments were carried out and parameters were established, after substituting them into the formula, a simple analytical formula for calculating HC for ferruginous quartzites was obtained. Numerical calculations are carried out according to the analytical formula. It is established that the NS determined by the explosive method is 15.8 – 46.1 MPa, this corresponds to the data obtained by JSC "VIOGEM" in 2017-2021 by methods of unloading on large bases and slot unloading of the array (15.0 – 40.0 MPa). This indicates the validity of the analytical formula. The proposed method has efficiency (it is possible to use the results of bursts of boreholes during excavation) and can be used to assess the NS of the mountain massif.

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Evaluation of the effectiveness of manage-ment of the processes of drilling and blasting preparation of the mountain range for excavation

Keywords:charge, charge design, explosion, granulometric composition, detonation, crushing efficiency, mathematical representation of the gran composition

On the basis of experimental data, criteria for assessing the efficiency of the explosion of charges of various structures are proposed, including the parameters of statistical processing of the granulometric composition and its representation in the Rosin-Rammler coordinates, as well as the specific flow rate and energy of explosives. The ranking of charges by the effectiveness of their use in the crushing of rocks by the explosion of borehole charges was carried out.

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Hydrodynamic model of a funnel from an explosion by a vertically located buried charge

Keywords:hydrodynamics, ejection funnel, complex variables, vertically positioned charge, buried charge, ideal fluid, jet theory, trenching

In the work using a solid–liquid model of the soil and methods of the theory of jets of an ideal liquid, namely the apparatus of analytical functions, an analytical solution to the problem of the ejection of soil during the explosion of a buried charge is constructed for the case when this charge is located vertically and has the shape of a rectangle whose length far exceeds its width, which is the height of the embedded charge. A distinctive feature of the obtained solution is that within the framework of the formed mathematical model, it is accurate, has a finite form and is expressed in elementary functions.

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On the issue of stability of detonation processes of emulsion explosives

Keywords:detonation process, emulsion explosives, external factors, sensitization, shock wave

Detonation processes depend on the nature of explosives and external factors. For complex explosives of the type of emulsion, gel, etc., an unsteady detonation process is characteristic, depending on the composition and quality of the preparation of explosives, charging conditions and detonation propagation. The influence of initiation processes, shock waves and external pressure on the stability of the process is considered.

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About the patterns of detonation of explosives

Keywords:explosion, detonation velocity, shock wave, density of emulsion explosives, properties of industrial emulsion explosives, poremite 1A, nitronite E-70

The explosion is an extremely rapid release of energy into the environment with a short action, but of enormous power. Throughout history, mankind has tried to understand this physical phenomenon for the purpose of subsequent military or economic use. The use of an explosion in the extraction of minerals has opened up unprecedented opportunities for the destruction of an array of rocks for subsequent excavation and transportation. With the development of science and technology, the methods of production of explosives were improved, and their forms of release began to possess various consumer qualities. All this time, the process of explosive transformation has been studied in various ways, but despite the widespread use of explosives in the economy, this spontaneous process has not yet been fully studied. This is due to the fact that the process is too fast (several kilometers per second) and it is not possible to study it using conventional research methods. The explosion is mainly studied by indirect methods and theoretically with subsequent experiments. It happens that different compositions react differently to the initiating pulse, and the shape of the charge and the distance between the charges can generally act as a limiter for the propagation of detonation and lead to the most dangerous consequences in the production of explosive work - failures. The article concentrates on the features of the course of explosive processes described in the scientific and technical literature and provides some information about the patterns obtained when studying the detonation rate of emulsion explosives poremit 1A and nitronite E-70. Experimental data were obtained in industrial conditions when testing sleeve and borehole explosive charges with different diameters and charging densities. The detonation pressure was also calculated at a distance from the explosion of some explosives.

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Estimation of the duration of preservation of the ability to initiate a downhole charge of emulsion explosives sensitized by gas pores

Keywords:emulsion explosive, sensitization, gas bubble, ascent rate, explosive decomposition ability

The paper presents a theoretical assessment of the duration of preservation of the ability to initiate a downhole charge of an emulsion explosive (EVV) sensitized by gas pores with the lower location of the intermediate detonator in the downhole charge. The obtained patterns are of interest to specialists involved in both the use of EVV and the improvement of this type of industrial explosives.

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14. Annikov V.E. On the mechanism of detonation of gas-filled water gels / V.E. Annikov, B.N. Kondrikov, N.N. Korneeva, S.N. Puzyrev // Physics of gorenje i explosion. - 1983. - Vol. 19. - No. 4. - pp.139-143.

On the relationship of the loosening coefficient with the volume of transport vessels

Keywords:degree of crushing, loosening coefficient, explosive crushing, carrying capacity, capacity of dump trucks, fractions, transport vessels

The influence of the degree of crushing of rocks by the explosion on the productivity of vehicles is considered. It is shown that the coefficient of utilization of carrying capacity, and, consequently, the productivity of dump trucks largely depends on the coefficient of loosening of the rock mass, the value of which is determined by the percentage ratio of fractions of different sizes. Industrial experiments have shown that, depending on the lumpiness of the submerged rock mass, the value of the loosening coefficient in the body of a dump truck can vary from 1.27 to 1.50. High and uniform crushing of rocks with a loosening coefficient in the body of a dump truck of 1.3 allows to increase the technical productivity of vehicles by 1.2-1.3 times and reduce the wear of machines and mechanisms.

1. Repin N.Ya., Repina L.N. Processes of open mining works // M., Gornaya kniga, 2015, p. 518.
2. Kutuzov B.N. Problems of explosive destruction of rocks in the mining industry // Mining Journal, 1997, No 10, s 31-35.
3. Galimulin A.T., Prokopenko V.S. Methodical provisions for determining the lumpiness of the rock mass // Explosive business, M., Nedra, 1994, No 86/43, p. 191-198.
4. Zharikov I.F., Seinov N.P. On the quality of preparation of blown up rock mass for schemes of cyclic-flow technology // Collection of Explosive Business, M., 2020, No 126/83, p. 11-21.

Development prospects and environmental safety of the drilling and blasting complex of large mining enterprises

Keywords:blasting, explosives, emulsion explosives, environment, explosive technologies, drilling, seismic safety

Ensuring the maximum reduction of the environmental impact of mining and blasting operations on the environment with strict compliance with the requirements and rules of labor protection is the main task of the miners of the drilling and blasting complex. One of the trends of modern explosive technologies is the use of electronic means at all stages of preparation and conduct of blasting operations. Electronic systems from drilling design, building a 3D model of a block, designing an explosion and analyzing its results demonstrate huge opportunities. These systems have been successfully implemented in production and have a significant effect. The prospects for the development of the drilling and blasting complex are associated with the introduction of new equipment and materials, conducting large-scale research and training highly qualified personnel in the explosive business

1. Transcript of the meeting of the Commission on the development strategy of the fuel and energy complex and environmental safety on August 27, 2018. https://www.rosteplo.ru/soc/blog/ekonomik/3676.html;
2. V.A. Belin, M.G. Gorbonos, E.O. Astakhov. Influence of means of initiation on the efficiency and safety of blasting. M.: Mining magazine No. 7-2017. - S. 63-67.
3. K.K. Shvedov “On the concept and safety indicators of modern explosive materials for industrial use. All-Russian conference “On the state of the explosive business in the Russian Federation. The main problems and ways to solve them. // Sat. reports and articles. From MGGU, M., 2002, - P.70.
4. Technical regulation of the Customs Union TR TS 028/2012 "On the safety of explosives and products based on them"
5. V.N. Tyupin Parameters of seismic action of mass explosions in isotropic and complex-structural rock masses. M.: GIAB, No. 12, 2021. - P. 47-57.

Ground reaction time measurement and modelling for improved blast outcomes

Keywords:mine, initiation system, electronic explosion, discharge rate, soil reaction time

Maules Creek mine is an open cut coal nearBoggabri in the Gunnedah Basin of New South Wales, Australia. The mine is currently operating at an annualised run rate of 9.5Mt of saleable coal. The plan is to ramp up production to 13Mtpa. Maules Creek has multiple seams each with varying depths; theinter-burden rangesfrom a fewmetres thick to greater than 30m(98ft). Due to this,Maules Creek mine is utilisingtruck shovel operationsrather thana cast/dozer push operation. Currently the mine utilises a non-electric initiation system for itsblasting operations with standard timing regimes for the various coal seam inter-burden horizons. The timing regimes are very generic and not specifically selected for each blastarea.These timing regimes were processedthrough a scatter simulation to determine potential choking effects throughout the body of a standard blast,which can be up to 200m(656ft)wide. Standard relief rates provided large areas of out of sequence firing potential. With the planned mine ramp up of production,management realised that a more engineered approach to blasting would be required to achieve the mining rates desired. In consultation with the mine engineers and management,a program has been devised to measure and model the ground reaction times and pressure wavevelocitiesin the different inter-burdens to provide a baseline for future optimisation work. The program will be utilising both High Frame Rate (HFR) video analysis and high frequency vibration measurement to measure the exact effects and reactions that various inter-burdens in the mine have to explosive detonation. Oncethe specific reaction times and pressure-wave velocities are captured and measured they willbe modelled to allow analysis of timing regimes that promote fragmentation and muckpile looseness. Timing regimes that are only possible with electronic initiation systems will be applied to improve blast results, as part of an entire site effort to increase dig rates for the excavator fleets.This paper will present the results of the program.

1. Hawkins, J. How to Write a Paper for the ISEE. The International Society of Explosives Engineers Annual Conference Proceedings. 2013. Cleveland: ISEE. (pp. 1-3)
2. Maules Creek Coal Mine, Mine Plan Fact sheet. Gunnedah: Whitehaven Coal LTD (2013).

Study of vibrations in far and near field to determine the technical feasibility of massive blasting

Keywords:vibration, drilling and blasting, deceleration, modeling, mining, near zone

Without a doubt, mining is a key engine in world development. In the case of Chile, among its main economic activities, we find copper mining, which contributes 30% of world production. Currently, a mine exploits its copper oxide reserves with an annual production of 52 Kt of copper cathodes, in average. These reserves will deplete in 2021. For this reason, the mine needs to exploit its sulfide reserves, which forces to increase the tonnage of each blast to meet production goals thus extending the mine life until 2041. In this situation, this paper focuses on showing a technical feasibility project for massive blasting through the study of vibrations, in the near field and in the far field, seeking to provide optimal solutions to future productivity goals, it means to obtain vibration levels below current levels (tonn <= 250Kt) and frequency levels over current frequency levels (tonn <=250Kt).

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3. L. Hall & A. Bodare (2000) “Analyses of the cross-hole method for determining shear wave velocities and damping ratios”. Soil Dynamics and earthquake Engineering 20 (2000) 167 — 175.