"Explosion technology"— scientific and technical journal

Assessment of the influence of radial cracks formed during a camouflage explosion on the conditions of seam degassing

Keywords:reservoir degassing, explosive impact, fractured rocks, radial cracks, computer modeling, stress state

Degassing of gas-bearing seams is of great importance for improving the safety of mining operations and increasing the efficiency of gas recovery during the development of shale gas deposits. The work deals with the issues of degassing using the technology of explosive impact on the seam. Calculations of the wave and post-wave destruction of the seam during the explosion of the borehole charge are carried out. A numerical method based on a combination of the finite element method and the smoothed particle method was used to calculate the wave effect. This approach allowed for the conditions of cylindrical symmetry to take into account the detonation of explosives and the features of charges used in practice. Analytical methods of plasticity theory, crack theory and FEM for calculating the stress-strain state of rocks in the elastic zone were used to calculate the cracks formed. It is established that when detonating charges explode in the rock crushing zone (plasticity zone), the circumferential and radial stresses are stresses of strong compression and this zone must be impermeable. Thus, gaseous explosion products cannot participate in the development of radial cracks and these cracks cannot be channels for gas migration to the well. It is also shown that radial cracks start from the zone of fragmented rocks and can have a length of up to 20 radii of charge. Calculations also showed that only 6-8 extended radial cracks can develop steadily, located approximately at an equal distance from each other. It is concluded that in order to increase the efficiency of seam degassing using dynamic action, it is necessary to provide technological measures aimed at preventing the formation of a zone of fragmented rocks or increasing its permeability.

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Structural features of rock deformation under explosive destruction

Keywords:explosive, rock structure, structural defects, stress wave, plastic flow, explosive cavity, damping laws, dissipative processes, compression wave front

The main laws governing the attenuation of stress waves during an explosion in elastoplastic solid media are determined. The separation of the principal stresses is carried out and the boundaries of the change in the sign of the azimuthal stresses, which determine the initial region of the formation of radial cracks, are shown. Differences in the decay laws of the maximum mass velocity and displacements in the near and far zones of the explosion action in the studied solid media are experimentally established.

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About increase of efficiency and safety of explosive works

Keywords:explosives, emulsion explosives, explosive works, jointed massifs, means of initiation, seismic effect, digital technologies, safety of mining, training of explosive business

The analysis of references and practical data has shown that efficiency of explosive works is defined mainly by properties and parameters of used explosives. Now in Russia there is an active process of introduction of EVV that is caused by high consumer characteristics of this look of Centuries. The high-concentrated emulsions are characterized by considerable superficial energy of the section of phases therefore can be received and kept only with application of PEAHENS. Quality of an oxidizer, fuel and emulsifier has also great impact on stability of an emulsion. Now within import substitution transition only on domestic components of explosive structures that can affect their physical and chemical properties is carried out. Merits of EVV have formed the basis of their wide circulation at production of firm minerals around the world. Now already more than a half of all volume consumed by the industry of our country of VV is made by EVV. In Russia the greatest distribution among means of initiation was gained by not electric systems consisting of a shock and wave tube, connected to a cap detonator. Their application taking into account need of import substitution, faces a number of problems which successfully are solved. The problem of increase of efficiency of explosive works in the industry can't be solved without preparation of the qualified scientific and engineering shots.

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Formation of pores in ammonium nitratre granules in the process of impregnation with fuel emulsions

Keywords:ammonium nitrate granule, fuel mixture emulsion, impregnation, granule pore diameter, Darcy equation, capillary flow, size distribution of emulsion globules

The paper considers the process of impregnation of ammonium nitrate granules with fuel mixture emulsions containing apolar hydrocarbons and an aqueous solution of surfactants. It is noted that this process is the flow of the liquid phase through the capillaries, the diameter and length of which increase during the impregnation as a result of the dissolution of ammonium nitrate with water, which is part of the emulsion. Initial data were determined and assumptions were formulated to establish analytical dependencies that describe the kinetics of the process of impregnation of ammonium nitrate granules with fuel mixture emulsions, and Darcy's equation was taken as the basis. Experimental studies of pores formed in ammonium nitrate granules after impregnation with an emulsion were performed by optical microscopy. The research results showed that the values of the minimum, maximum and average diameters of the formed pores were 12.57 µm, 252.8 µm and 59.5 µm, respectively. The properties of the fuel emulsion were studied using the methods of optical microscopy and acoustic analysis. It was found that the studied emulsion is a fairly stable polydisperse system. The dispersed phase is a spherical globules consisting of apolar hydrocarbons with surfactant molecules adsorbed on the interface. On the differential distribution curve of globules by size, three relatively narrow regions were noted with maxima corresponding to the diameters: 350 nm, 2.5 µm, and 6-8 µm. Thus, the average pore diameter in ammonium nitrate granules is an order of magnitude or more greater than the diameter of the largest globules of the emulsion of the fuel mixture and solid energy additives contained in it. This, in turn, makes it possible to draw a conclusion about the unhindered flow of the named objects of the dispersed phase in the pores.

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The dimensions of gas micropores sensitizing the emulsion explosive by the depth of the descending borehole charge

Keywords:emulsion explosive, sensitization, gas bubble, ascent rate, explosive decomposition ability

When sensitizing emulsion explosives (EE) with gas microbubbles (GMB), the size of the latter has a significant effect on the detonation and susceptibility of EE to the initiating pulse. Too small GMBs do not form «hot spots» that serve as ignition centers when EE is initiated. In descending blast wells, under the influence of excessive hydrostatic pressure from the charge column, the size of the GMB decreases and the overall porosity of the EE decreases due to compression of the GMB. These circumstances serve as a source of danger of failures during the explosion of borehole charges, therefore, the identification of patterns of changes in the size of GMB with depth is of great practical importance. The paper presents a theoretical estimate of the size of GMB sensitizing EE by the depth of the descending borehole charge. It is shown that the dependences of the change in the relative porosity of the EE and the relative radius of the GMB with depth are determined mainly by the depth of the charge and weakly depend on the matrix density of the emulsion and the initial density of the EE. However, the overall porosity of the EVV decreases with depth the faster the smaller the initial porosity of the EE. The obtained patterns are of interest to specialists involved in both the use of EE and the improvement of this type of industrial explosives.

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Investigation of the effect of explosive high explosive and operability on the effectiveness of contour blasting

Keywords:contour blasting, contour charges, contour holes, low brisance, operability, rock destruction, explosive action of explosives, elongated charges, industrial explosives

The article considers the effects of explosive explosive and operability on the effectiveness of contour blasting. One of the significant factors influencing the results of contour blasting is the correct choice of the type of explosives for contour charges. The practice of using contour blasting technology shows that explosives for charges placed in contour holes should have a low brisance with sufficient power (operability), providing the energy of a shock wave sufficient to destroy rocks, or the explosive effect of explosives at the time of explosion should be artificially lowered. In the first period of the study, industrial explosives in standard diameter cartridges were tested in the charges of contour holes in order to obtain the dependence of the size of the busting and the disturbance of the array on the grade of explosives. The 2 most common types of patronized explosives were tested: Ammonite No. 6ZHV and Aumannite in normal elongated charges without inert gaskets, which excluded the influence of the charge design on the results of the explosion.

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The effect of the charge design on the efficiency of contour blasting

Keywords:technology of contour blasting, contour charges, industrial explosives, busting, utilization factor of the «KISH» hole, «channel effect»

The article considers charge designs for the effectiveness of contour blasting, the technology of contour blasting as a prerequisite involves the use of explosives with low initial gas pressure during explosion for contour charges with sufficient operability necessary for the destruction of rocks. However, in most industrial explosives, an increase in power (operability) is accompanied by an increase in the initial pressure during an explosion, as a result of which none of them can be recommended for use in cartridges of a standard diameter close to the diameter of the hole in complex elongated charges. The explosion of such charges will independently lead to the crushing of the nearest sections of rock on the production circuit.

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Experimental evaluation of acid-generating solid propellant charges’s efficiency in complex with a charge of gun perforator

Keywords:acid-generating solid propellant charges, perforation, perforator’s charge, ammonium perchlorate, ammonium nitrate, hexachloroethane, polytetrafluoroethylene, combined target

Experimental studies have been carried out to assess the penetration capacity of rows of borehole perforators operating in combination with acid-generating solid fuel charges. The penetration capability was assessed using a combined target consisting of a steel disc simulating a casing string and a concrete block simulating the rock of an oil reservoir. The depth and diameter of the channel formed in the concrete block, the shape and diameter of the hole formed in the steel disk were selected as the parameters for evaluating the effectiveness of the action. It is established that the configuration of the solid fuel charge significantly affects the efficiency indicators. The absence of a conical recess contributes to a decrease in the penetration capacity, which is associated with a violation of the formation of a cumulative jet in contact with the charge at an early stage of formation. In the presence of a conical recess, there is an increase in the penetration capacity up to 25% in depth and up to 100% in diameter of the channel in the concrete block.

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Dynamics of propagation of deformation waves in fractured arrays during explosive charges explosion

Keywords:blasting operations, three-sided massifs, deformation waves, propagation velocity and time, collapse width, numerical calculations, reliability, efficiency and safety of mining production

The analysis of literature sources indicates that when exploding in a fractured rock mass, in addition to stress waves and seismic-explosive waves, deformation waves appear, representing the movement of the array's separations from explosive charges. The purpose of the article is to numerically determine the velocity of propagation of deformation waves during the explosion of groups of explosive charges in the structural part of fractured arrays and the rate of displacement of the slope of the ledge. The mechanism of formation of deformation waves and formulas for calculating the velocity and time of their propagation when explosive charges explode in fractured arrays are given. Numerical calculations of the velocity of deformation waves are consistent with the velocity of rock expansion from the slope of ledges determined by various authors using high-speed filming. The mathematical analysis of the formulas for calculating the velocity of deformation waves, the width of the collapse of the rock mass and the comparison of numerical calculations with actual ones indicates the reliability of the formulas. Taking into account the effect of propagation of deformation waves in fractured rocks allows it to be used to improve the efficiency and safety of individual technological processes of open and underground mining.
This research was funded by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation within the framework of State Assignment No. FZWG-2023-0011.

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Mathematical modeling of convective-diffusion transfer of limestone dust to the soils of the adjacent territory disturbed by open-pit mining

Keywords:explosion energy, mathematical modeling, open-pit mining, soil, limestone extraction, pollutant, migration of matter, statistical analysis, distribution of impurities in the soil

The article is devoted to the study of the influence of fine dust on the soils of the adjacent territory disturbed by open-pit mining. The explosive method of limestone extraction is accompanied by the release of limestone dust. The redistribution of solid particles is accompanied by the launch of various physico-chemical processes in the soil. To assess the spread of the pollutant along the depth of the soil profile, it shows different concentrations of the toxic substance. To simulate the transport of a contaminant component, a mathematical model of the processes of mass transfer of a pollutant in the solid phase using the convective diffusion equation using Fick's first law is considered. The mathematical model proposed by the author takes into account the transfer of matter, accompanied by chemical transformations and sorption. The solution is a second-order nonlinear Bernoulli differential equation. Nonlinear estimation in accordance with the solution of the logistic equation was performed in the Statistica 6.1 environment by the Levenberg-Marquardt method. Statistical data processing was performed on the soil profile at distances, respectively, 100, 200, 300 meters from the quarry. The surface of the calcium concentration response is graphically represented. In MathCad, graphs of solutions to the diffusion equation are constructed – logistic lines. Correlation and variance coefficients are described. This mathematical model is applicable when studying the distribution of calcium at depths and at different distances from the mine workings. In this case, analytical migration equations are used only to compile a numerical calculation algorithm. At the conclusion of the work, a high rate of decrease in the migration rate of calcium was noted with a decrease in the value of the effective diffusion coefficient. It can be noted that the basis of the improved model of the transfer of matter entering into a biochemical reaction with the soil substrate is the diffusion transfer equation. The obtained analytical dependence can be recommended for the assessment and prediction of various soil pollutants.

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